GRR with GCS Blobstore and Cloud Pub/Sub Service

By

GRR with GCS Blobstore and Cloud Pub/Sub Service

Authored by Dan Aschwanden and Mikhail Bushkov, copied with permission.

Introduction

In this article we provide a macro-level outline of how GRR Rapid Response (or GRR) can make use of Google Cloud Storage (GCS) Buckets for its blobstore as well as using Cloud Pub/Sub to communicate with Fleetspeak.

Leveraging GCS Buckets and Cloud Pub/Sub could be beneficial if you are looking for means to improve the runtime performance of a large-scale GRR deployment (i.e. with tens of thousands of clients). Both the GCS blobstore and Cloud Pub/Sub significantly reduce the utilization of the main GRR datastore and the amount of message processing.

Figure 1 - GRR architecture with GCS Blobstore and Cloud Pub/Sub

We will also cover the topic of Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Workload Identity Federation which provides Kubernetes workloads with access to Google Cloud resources by using Identity and Access Management (IAM) federated identities instead of Service Account keys. As such GRR workloads running on GKE can securely authenticate to supported Google Cloud APIs (like GCS and Pub/Sub) without the overhead of having to manage Service Account credentials.

You can find a GRR sample implementation that leverages these concepts in the OSDFIR Infrastructure repository and follow the step-by-step setup instructions in the accompanying README file.

The three key benefits that we would like you to take away from the strategies described in this article are:

  1. Using GCS as the blobstore will take a lot of pressure off GRR’s MySQL database and reduce its storage footprint dramatically.

  2. Leveraging Cloud Pub/Sub to decouple GRR from Fleetspeak allows them to run asynchronously with the Pub/Sub Topic message buffering capabilities absorbing the communication spikes.

  3. And last but not least, applying Workload Identity Federation for GKE provides a secure and convenient authentication mechanism for GRR Kubernetes workloads to access Google Cloud resources.

GRR blobstore with GCS Buckets

When you first install GRR to learn about its features and functionality you are unlikely to be concerned about scaling its operation under load. However, when you install GRR with the intention to run it as your large-scale incident response framework for performing remote live forensics on your enterprise/corporate fleet then performance considerations warrant some deliberate choices.

By default GRR will use MySQL as its datastore and use the same MySQL instance also as its blobstore to persist the blobs that it retrieves during your investigations. Blobs are retrieved every time files are collected from endpoints, with each blob corresponding to a 512 KiB chunk of the file’s content. Depending on your usage pattern this might cause the size of your MySQL instance to grow rapidly with the blobstore consuming the majority of the database storage space.

Figure 2 - GRR with GCS Bucket blobstore

In case you are aiming for a large-scale GRR deployment on Google Cloud we recommend that you consider enabling GCSBlobStore as GRR’s blobstore storage option.

Assuming you have already created a GCS Bucket in your Google Cloud Project then you can enable the use of the GCSBlobStore feature by setting the Blobstore.implementation, Blobstore.gcs.project and Blobstore.gcs.bucket parameters in the GRR configuration file as outlined below.

Database.implementation: MysqlDB

# Blobstore.implementation: DbBlobStore --> this is the default

Blobstore.implementation: GCSBlobStore

Blobstore.gcs.project: YOUR_GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID_HERE

Blobstore.gcs.bucket: YOUR_GOOGLE_CLOUD_STORAGE_BUCKET_HERE


Note that GRR will need to be configured with the appropriate Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM) permissions to access the GCS Bucket. Further down in this article we will cover how this can be achieved with Workload Identity Federation for GKE.

GRR Services with Cloud Pub/Sub

Fleetspeak is GRR’s communication layer and delivers messages through Server Services. The default setting for Fleetspeak is to deliver the messages through gRPC. While this mode of communication works well in general it might lead to backlogs in high throughput scenarios due to the tight coupling of the GRR and Fleetspeak server components and the lack of flow control mechanisms in the GRR-Fleetspeak gRPC protocol implementation.

To mitigate any communication channel blockages we can enable the GRR Services to use Cloud Pub/Sub for delivering the messages from Fleetspeak. Decoupling GRR from Fleetspeak allows the server components to run asynchronously with the Pub/Sub Topic message buffering capabilities absorbing any communication spikes.

Figure 3 - GRR with Cloud Pub/Sub service Fleetspeak communication

After you created a Google Cloud Pub/Sub Topic and a Pub/Sub Subscription in your Google Cloud Project you can configure GRR by setting the Server.fleetspeak_cps_enabled, Server.fleetspeak_cps_project, Server.fleetspeak_cps_subscription and Server.fleetspeak_cps_concurrency parameters in the in the GRR configuration file as outlined below.

Server.fleetspeak_cps_enabled: true

Server.fleetspeak_cps_project: YOUR_GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID_HERE

Server.fleetspeak_cps_subscription: YOUR_GOOGLE_CLOUD_PUBSUB_SUBSCRIPTION_HERE

Server.fleetspeak_cps_concurrency: 10


Similarly, you can configure the Fleetspeak Server Services setting the parameters as listed below.

services {

  name: "GRR"

  factory: "CPS"

  config {

    [type.googleapis.com/fleetspeak.cpsservice.Config] {

      project: "YOUR_GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT_ID_HERE"

      topic: "YOUR_GOOGLE_CLOUD_PUBSUB_TOPIC_HERE"

    }

  }

}


Like accessing the GCS Bucket for its blobstore as described above, GRR will also need the appropriate Google Cloud IAM permissions to interact with the Pub/Sub Topic and Subscription.

In the next section we will explore how the GKE Workload Identity Federation feature provides a secure and convenient authentication mechanism to access Google Cloud resources.

GKE Workload Identity Federation

Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) Workload Identity Federation provides Kubernetes workloads with access to Google Cloud resources by using Identity and Access Management (IAM) federated identities instead of Service Account keys.

Thanks to the fact that Google Cloud abstracts the intricate details and complexities, it becomes quite straightforward to configure your GKE cluster with the Workload Identity Federation functionality. The online documentation guides you through the steps required to configure your GKE cluster with the Workload Identity Federation settings.

Furthermore, the sample GRR on GKE implementation that you can find in the OSDFIR Infrastructure repository is implementing this best practice security pattern so you can study a working end-to-end example in practice.

Nevertheless, it is helpful to gain a high level understanding of the key aspects of Workload Identity Federation. The diagram below provides a distilled overview of the key components involved in the process.

Figure 4 - GKE Workload Identity Federation

In a nutshell, Workload Identity Federation for GKE utilizes IAM allow policies that grant access to a specific Google Cloud resource via a principal that corresponds to an application's identity (like in our case a GRR Kubernetes Pod).

For example, you can give read-write IAM permissions via the roles/storage.admin IAM role on the blobstore Cloud Storage Bucket to the GRR Pods that run under the grr-sa Kubernetes Service Account.

In a similar fashion you can allocate the roles/pubsub.subscriber and roles/pubsub.publisher roles that allow for reading from Cloud Pub/Sub Subscription and writing to the Cloud Pub/Sub Topic for the communication between Fleetspeak and GRR.

For a comprehensive list of Google Cloud resources that support allow policies, see Resource types that accept allow policies.

Summary

In this short article we looked into how you can empower your large-scale GRR deployment by employing two optimization strategies.

First, we covered how to configure GRR to use a GCS Bucket as its blobstore as opposed to storing the blobs in the MySQL datastore. This will take a lot of pressure off the MySQL database and reduce its storage footprint dramatically.

As a second optimization strategy we covered how GRR can use Cloud Pub/Sub for communicating with Fleetspeak. As opposed to using gRPC as its default communication mechanism, leveraging Pub/Sub decouples GRR from Fleetspeak and allows them to run asynchronously by absorbing any communication spikes with the Pub/Sub Topic message buffering capabilities.

Last but not least, we also explored how GKE Workload Identity Federation can provide a secure and convenient authentication mechanism for GRR Kubernetes workloads to access Google Cloud resources without having to rely on Service Account keys. This enhances both the operational ease and the security posture of your GRR implementation.

We hope that this article helps you augment the resilience of your large-scale GRR deployment by optimizing the blobstore and Fleetspeak communication performance while also applying best practices for accessing Google Cloud resources from within your cluster workloads.

You can find much more information on all things GRR on the website here: https://www.grr-response.com

If you have any questions or suggestions then reach out on the GRR user group.

Links

GRR Rapid Response (GRR)

GRR Rapid Response (or GRR) is an incident response framework focusing on remote live analysis. GRR consists of client and server parts which communicate with each other leveraging the Fleetspeak communication framework.

Fleetspeak

Fleetspeak is GRR’s communication layer. The Fleetspeak frontend (server) exchanges Protocol Buffer based messages with Fleetspeak agents (clients), providing GRR with a communication conduit.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Parsing the $MFT NTFS metadata file

By
Background Numerous articles have been written about parsing the $MFT NTFS metadata file before. Some of these explain the technique itself [ 1 ] and others mostly focus on how to use tools. Rarely do articles mention the pros and cons of the technique from a digital forensics perspective [ 2 ].  What is $MFT parsing?  For readers not familiar with the NTFS file system, MFT stands for Master File Table. This table is stored in a file system metadata file, meaning that as far as the file system is concerned it is a file, however that the file contains file system metadata not “regular” content. The name of this file is “$MFT”.  The MFT consists of a sequence of (predetermined) fixed-size entries (or MFT entries). These entries are typically 1024 bytes in size, however the size is defined in the NTFS volume header and in a “regular” MFT entry itself.  The first 4-bytes of a “regular” MFT-entry (or record) starts with the signature “FILE”. The MFT entry can...
Read more

Incident Response in the Cloud

By
Many organizations have begun moving a majority of their services towards the cloud in recent years. As a result, attackers have shifted their focus towards the cloud. This has resulted in new techniques and methods specifically designed to compromise cloud infrastructure, like the recent SALTSTACK vulnerability that was widely exploited [ 1 ]. Therefore it is critical for these organizations to have an incident response team that understands the new risks attached to cloud and how cloud can make incident response easier or harder.  In this blog post we will walk you through each phase you may encounter in traditional incident response and highlight the differences when adopting cloud computing. It is aimed towards both those who are new to incident response and cloud computing. We’ve included insights that will benefit organizations taking that step towards cloud who want to ensure they are prepared to respond efficiently to cloud incidents.  Traditional Incident Response Be...
Read more

Container Forensics with Docker Explorer

By Anonymous
  Introduction As previous blog posts on cloud forensics have noted, applications are increasingly being deployed using container orchestration frameworks such as Kubernetes, especially in cloud environments.  Similar to traditional deployments on physical servers or virtual machines (VMs), when a containerised application has a security issue it can lead to a compromise of the underlying compute architecture. In the case of container deployments this means a compromise of the container itself, the container host, or even a wider cluster compromise via abuse of orchestration tools. Often digital forensics is required to establish what went wrong and remediate any issues. This article will provide an introduction to container forensics with Docker Explorer by working through a scenario involving a compromised container running within a Kubernetes cluster. Although Kubernetes is briefly mentioned, this article will focus on analysis of an individual container rather than the wi...
Read more